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Support Psychedelic Science Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies Each α1 adrenergic receptor type was extensively coexpressed with 5-HT2A receptors, indicating a convergence of excitatory noradrenergic and serotonergic signals in the same PFC neurons. The different α1 adrenergic receptors also were expressed in a high proportion of GABAergic interneurons, similar to that seen in pyramidal neurons (69%–74% in superficial layers; 52%–73% in deep layers). Overall, the presence of α1 adrenergic receptors in such a large proportion of pyramidal and GABAergic neurons suggested to the authors that NE can modulate the activity of most PFC output neurons via direct or indirect actions. Thus, activation of 5-HT2A receptors by psychedelics would be expected to modulate dopaminergic activity of VTA cells either directly or indirectly through nondopaminergic neurons, and effect excitatory dopamine release from projections in cortical and limbic structures. The reticular nucleus i...